Journalism Code of Ethics

A large number of columnists all over world willfully grasp the writer code of morals as a basic arrangement of qualities and rules required to be an expert and ethically upstanding writer. The Society of Journalists (SPJ) says that â€Å"the code isn't proposed as a lot of ‘rules’ however as an asset for moral choice making†. Since it isn't legitimately implemented, it is up to the uprightness of the writer to maintain the code of morals. It is preposterous to expect to guarantee that all columnists submit to the code of ethics.There will be a few, who couldn't remain by their codes, qualities and honesty when they are notwithstanding financial and social weights, and decide to step the hazy areas. Individuals don't turn out to be awful writers in a day. It’s a moderate blur when high contrast is gone to dim. We should be extremely mindful so as not to part with ourselves to deceptive acts, and dismissal our ethics so as to get a decent story or some physi cal prizes. In Singapore, we are honored to have great, moral writers, who present straightforward news.The same can't be said for some columnists in different pieces of the world. Breslin’s (1997) study found the accompanying: In Japan, columnists willfully and routinely diminish their fact telling through the act of self-oversight †not from compulsion by the administration, yet by their own press associations that spread government. In the People's Republic of China, columnists †like every single basic laborer †are in the utilize of government and give recognition to reality, yet place a lower an incentive on seeking after with any forcefulness or perseverance.In Korea, writers regularly perceive truth as the expression of government, and recognize themselves with the tip top decision powers and distinguish their job as assisting with guaranteeing congruity between the rulers and the dominated. Their closeness to government is regularly estimated by the measu re of money in the â€Å"white envelopes† they get from their sources. Columnists can't live in the mists, doing what they believe is directly without pressures being put on them. Regularly, writers face pressure from an assortment of sources, all attempting to cause the columnist to act in a manner which isn't the manner in which the columnist would choose.Journalists are defective and uncertain. Be that as it may, we should endeavor to oppose the weights and stand firm. All things considered, it is imperative to survey the present reporting code of morals, and see if it is as yet significant and adequate. Undoubtedly, the code of morals ought to reflect qualities, difficulties and real factors of news coverage. Notwithstanding, â€Å"too a significant number of them are for the most part arrangements of do’s and don’ts (normally more don’ts), instead of supportive advisers for settling on moral choices in circumstances that aren’t as straightfor ward as the approaches at times make them† (Buttry, 2010).Also, with a great part of the articles and stories done on advanced social stages, the present news coverage code of morals is deficient with regards to rules on the utilization of internet based life. The news-casting code of morals endeavors to coordinate columnists from troublesome circumstances yet as the maxim goes; it is actually quite difficult. The situations depicted are excessively ambiguous and unreasonable. A writer may end up in different circumstances where the code of morals neglects to address. In that capacity, the code of morals is inadequate. I would suggest a report on the code of morals with new standards to turn out to be increasingly relevant to present day journalism.When utilizing internet based life as a stage for a story, know about the gathering who may be distorted on the grounds that they don't utilize web based life as frequently. For the segment featured securing wellsprings of data; if a writer guarantees a source that he would keep the informant’s character a mystery, he should hold his statement under all conditions. I might want to include, don't distribute basic sentiments from individuals looking for classification. The thought processes of sources ought to consistently be addressed. Individuals who wish to communicate genuine beliefs in the media ought to consistently remain behind their supposition. Objectivity and fairness.A columnist should consistently be target when he composes a story. I might want to include, hold a receptive outlook to all perspectives, even perspectives that we are awkward with. It is as a general rule, harder to compose impartially if the subject intrigue or disturb us. Assume men like Hitler and Osama canister loaded whom many consider to be malevolent, are as yet living among us today. What's more, assume an update comes in and says that Hitler is currently affirmed dead! Or on the other hand Osama receptacle loaded effect ively released another significant dread follow up on guiltless residents. But, the writer must forgo cheering or moaning in disturb and report fairly.Also, columnists ought to be reasonable for all sources. Official and informal sources can both be of equivalent legitimacy. The line between financial weight and helping out can be fairly dainty on occasion. A similar situation expressed in the examination control; in the event that you work for a little league paper, which is in budgetary challenges, you may be asked by a publicist to compose an article for a specific item, organization or even an individual as a byproduct of purchasing publicizing space in your paper. It will be against the respectability of the writer to applaud said item, organization or individual in the event that he doesn't have confidence in them.He would be respecting monetary weight on the off chance that he goes along. In any case, if a similar columnist considers the item, organization or individual to be worthy to him and the general population and in this way consents to help the publicist out, is it still against journalistic morals? In that capacity, I would propose another standard; a columnist while in full information that the item, organization or individual is of almost no advantage to the general population, should never advance or expound well on that item, organization or individual, to be better than it is. Acknowledgment of endowments is precluded. A writer ought not request installment in real money or in kind for journalistic work.And he can't acknowledge them either, regardless of whether they come without request. This is important to guarantee reasonableness and believability. Be that as it may, the code of morals offers no guide in regards to how a writer ought to give to help a reason or a political gathering. A writer is as yet an individual with rights, and his activity doesn't make him any to a lesser degree a resident of a law based society. Alluding to the dubious issue where Keith Olbermann gave $7200 of his own cash to three applicants pursuing open position. The occurrence brought about the excusal of Keith Olbermann from MSNBC.Greener (2010), posted: â€Å"Who among us needs to get their boss' authorization before making an open and lawful political gift? † The code of morals doesn't address how writers may give, just on what we can or can't get. It is justifiable, that the very idea of the activity sees any gifts by a columnist to be a predisposition towards the association. Therefore the requirement for more straightforwardness. I would propose another standard: A writer may contribute uninhibitedly to any admirable mission, as long as he does it transparently and express the subtleties on any articles identified with the topic.What should a columnist do if he somehow managed to begin an individual blog? In this new advanced age, the code of morals isn't adequate in covering the zone of computerized online networking. Do similar guidelines apply as though the columnist was composing for an official paper? Would he be able to have the right to speak freely of discourse in his own blog? Or on the other hand is he despite everything considered responsible for each word. This new standard ought to be presented: A columnist may post uninhibitedly on his own blog. Be that as it may, because of the idea of his activity, he ought not remark on any points he examined on his official medium, with the goal that he doesn't bargain his expert integrity.A columnist ought to be liable for whatever he composes. The motivation behind detailing equitably and reasonably is to guarantee as meager individuals as conceivable get injured or influenced by what we compose. All things considered, it is inescapable that individuals can get affronted now and again. In this way, a writer must concede botches and right them freely. Print isn't the main stage for writers. Different mediums incorporate photography, video, realisti c workmanship structures, sound and so on. Because of the various strategies for correspondence, more standards and rules are required.A absence of aptitude or information about various media ought not be a reason for a slip by in morals. Taking everything into account, a writer is considered responsible to his own trustworthiness and ethics. The news coverage code of morals is just a rule, for columnist to consider when they chance upon circumstances in their expert work. Reporting isn't as basic an occupation as what the overall population thinks. Much is expected of a writer; duty, obligation, empathy, a curious brain. These are simply the start of the numerous traits a decent writer requires.Of course, one can't turn into a decent columnist short-term. An expert writer is based on certainty gained through understanding, by defeating impediments and clutching morals. References Brislin, T. (Walk 6-8, 1994). A report on news-casting morals in Asia: Values and practices as setting for significance in Japan, China and Korea. In Jounalism Ethics in Asia. Recovered November 19, 2012, from http://www2. hawaii. edu/~tbrislin/asiaeth. html. Buttry, S. (November 7, 2010). Columnist's code of morals: time for an update?.In The Buttry Diary. Recovered November 19, 2012, from http://stevebuttry. wordpress. com/2010/11/07/columnists code-of-morals time-for-an-update/. Greener, R. (November 5, 2010). Keith Olbermann suspended by MSNBC: Like ‘Louie† †I'm stunned! . In The Huffington Post. Recovered November 19, 2012, from http://www. huffingtonpost. com/richard-greener/keith-olbermann-suspended_b_779736. html. SPJ Code of morals. (1996-2012). In Society of Professional Journalists. Recovered November 19, 2012, from http://www. spj. organization/ethicscode. asp.

Example of Business Contract

Case of Business Contract 1. Your Relationship with PCFS Solutions. A. Presentation. The deal and execution of Professional Services (characterized underneath) hereunder is dependent upon the particulars of this Professional Services Agreement (the Agreement) between you (hereinafter you or Client) and PCFS Solutions, Inc. also, its partners (hereinafter PCFS Solutions). PCFS Solutionss deal and execution of Professional Services under this Agreement will be exclusively for Clients own interior use and not for resale. B. Definitions. Expectations implies the substantial and immaterial materials, including reports, contemplates, base cases, drawings, discoveries, manuals, strategies and proposals arranged by PCFS Solutions or its providers, licensors or subcontractors throughout playing out the Professional Services. Materials implies all substance and different things included with or as a component of the Professional Services, Software or Deliverables. Proficient Services implies the administrations performed by PCFS Solutions as portrayed in at least one Statements of Work. Programming implies any product, library, utility, apparatus, or other PC or program code, in object (twofold) or source-code structure, just as the related documentation, gave by PCFS Solutions to you regarding the Professional Services. Programming incorporates programming privately introduced on your frameworks and programming got to by you through the Internet or other remote methods, (for example, sites, entries, the PCFS Solutions Platform, and cloud-based arrangements). Explanations of Work are independently marked commonly settled upon reports that diagram the extent of the Professional Services, timeframe for administration conveyance (counting any achievement prerequisites), essential assistance steps, and installment terms. Outsider Products implies any non-PCFS Solutions-marked items, programming or administrations. C. Extra Agreements. This Agreement along with any going with Statements of Work, shapes a legitimately restricting agreement among you and PCFS Solutions corresponding to your buy and PCFS Solutions execution of Professional Services. Every Statement of Work will be deciphered as a solitary understanding, autonomous of some other Statement of Work, with the goal that the entirety of the arrangements are given as full impact as could be expected under the circumstances. In case of a contention between these understandings, the provisions of these reports will be deciphered in the accompanying request of priority: (1) Statement of Work; (2) this Agreement. D. Installment. I. Installment Terms. Except if in any case consented to by PCFS Solutions, installment of solicitations must be gotten by before initiation of the Professional Services. Customer will pay PCFS Solutions charges for the Professional Services determined utilizing the rates set out in the Statement of Work inside 30 days in the wake of accepting invoice(s) for such expenses. Customer (1) will repay PCFS Solutions for sensible, real travel, suppers, dwelling, and other cash based costs brought about by PCFS Solutions regarding the Professional Services, and (2) will pay or repay PCFS Solutions for all charges, anyway assigned or demanded, on the Professional Services or Deliverables gave by PCFS Solutions hereunder. Extra charges may apply if Client demands Professional Services that are performed outside of contracted hours or are past the typical inclusion for the specific Service, for example, redid invoicing, united invoicing and articulations. II. Suspension and Termination. PCFS Solutions maintains whatever authority is needed to suspend or end any or every single Professional Service until PCFS Solutionss receipt of every past due sum. PCFS Solutions will have no risk to Client for any such suspension or end of Professional Services. PCFS Solutions further maintains all authority to look for assortment of every past due sum (counting by referral to outsider gatherers), in addition to all sensible legitimate charges (counting sensible lawyers expenses) and expenses related with such assortment, and Client consents to pay the equivalent. III. Duties. Except if in any case explicitly expressed, any expenses charged to Client do exclude Taxes (as characterized underneath). Customer is required to pay any Taxes related with the expenses charged by PCFS Solutions (Transaction Taxes), paying little mind to how or upon whom they are forced on. These Transaction Taxes bar personal expenses however may incorporate, yet are not restricted to, nearby, state, common, administrative or outside charges, tolls, obligations or comparable legislative evaluations of any nature, including esteem included duties, utilization assessments, Goods and Services charges, GST/HST, extract, deals, use or comparative charges and any retention charges (together Taxes). All sums invoiced compliant with this Agreement are payable in full and without decrease for Taxes. In the event that PCFS Solutions has a lawful commitment to pay or gather Taxes for which Client is mindful under this segment, the proper sum will be invoiced to and paid by Client , except if Client gives PCFS Solutions a legitimate expense exclusion testament approved by the suitable burdening authority. IV. Costs. The costs charged for Software and Professional Services bought under this Agreement will be the sums gone ahead in the Statement of Work. 2. Extent of this Agreement. This Agreement approves you to buy Professional Services from PCFS Solutions as per at least one Statements of Work that expressly join this Professional Services Agreement. 3. Privacy. Regarding this Agreement, each gathering may approach or be presented to data of the other party that isn't commonly known to people in general, for example, Software, Materials, item designs, evaluating, showcasing and deals data, Client records, know-how, or competitive advantages, which might be assigned as private or which, the situation being what it is encompassing divulgence, ought to be treated as classified (on the whole, Confidential Information). 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5 Books About Runners and Running

5 Books About Runners and Running Running can be scary. When I started, I was hovering at Fitness Level Zero, and the idea of pounding the pavement gave me the gurgles. Somehow the  twitchy, fidgety feeling in the back of my mind didnt let go  until I gave in and tried  it for myself and that is how the rubber hit the road. I fell hard and fast for runningnot only the physical benefits but the mental quiet Ive gained, and the endorphin rush doesnt hurt either. As with most readers, when I fall down the rabbit hole of a new interest  the books arent far behind. These are some favorites, some necessities, and at least one Im itching to get my hands on. Running Like a Girl: Notes on Learning to Run by Alexandra Heminsley is the most approachable book in this list. Heminsley committed to a marathon far  earlier in her running life than is advisable. It didnt take long for her to realize her mistake, but since she had already decided  to raise  funds for charity, she had to follow through. This was the first running book I picked up, and I literally bawled, full-on ugly cried, when Heminsley tackled that marathon. It was the first hint I had at how emotional it can be to conquer physical hurdles.  Unassuming and charming, this is  what I imagine its like for every woman (Everywoman)  without a solid athletic history who decides to take up the sport. What I Talk About When I Talk About Running by Haruki Murakami is probably most interesting to the readerly set because this esteemed author jumps headlong into the running and writing parts of his life. A  collection of essays and memories, the author examines his  mutual obsessions and wraps in his early journalist work, his first marathon, and other noteworthy milestones. Run the World: My 3,500 Mile Journey Through Running Cultures Around the Globe by Becky Wade is an eye-opener. It is far too easy to oversimplify running and running culture down to put one foot in front of the other. Approaches to running and communities of runners  differ wildly around the world. Wade, an elite athlete and fellowship recipient, traveled for a year after her graduation from Rice University to experience running life in 9 countries, with 72 host families, and she logged  over 3,500 miles of her own running. For newbies or seasoned athletes, this book is a thrill. Even as a rookie, I was able to incorporate some new tactics into my own training, and I learned about notable  athletes  from all over the world, some of whom will soon compete in the  Rio Olympics. Running the Rift by Naomi Benaron is for those with an appetite for novels.  The winner of the Bellwether Prize for Socially Engaged Fiction, this is not always a feel-good book. It is powerful, brutal, and contemplative. Jean Patrick Nkuba loves racing his brother from the time they are children, and as he grows up he begins to realize his Olympic dream in track and field. A number of hardships bar his way, from the death of his father to the growing unrest between the Hutu and Tutsi  peoples of Rwanda. Jean Patricks fate hangs in the balance as the genocide plays out before his eyes sweeping him into an uncertain future. How Bad Do You Want It: Mastering the Psychology of Mind Over Muscle by Matt Fitzgerald is at the tippy-top of my wishlist. Fitzgerald is a seasoned endurance sports journalist who has authored more than 20 books. In  How Bad Do You Want It he  examines more than 20 pivotal races in a variety of sports (running, cycling, triathalon, etc.) and the key role  of mental fitness in athletic success. In my own limited running experience, Ive found the mental struggle to be the most enduring problem, so perhaps this book can help along the way.

How Effective is the Opening Chapter in Charles Dickens...

During his early childhood Charles Dickens travelled Great Britain due to his father’s job. H lived in mainly coastal towns as his father was a naval clerk and therefore became familiar with the scenes reflected in Great Expectations. Dickens has used memorable scenes and characters from his childhood; the marshes representing one of his youth time homes and many of the characters being written in the reflections of family members. Great Expectations seems to have been produced using the memories of Dickens’ life. When he was younger his whole family was imprisoned for debt except for Charles; he was old enough to get a job in a blacking factory. Pip may be an image of Dickens because he too was left by his family as they all passed away†¦show more content†¦When Magwitch threatens him he starts to plead â€Å"in terror†. His dialogue is pleading and he â€Å"prays†. This makes it seem as though in times of desperation, Pip’s faith is still strong. This is representative of the time as most people were God-fearing and regularly attended church. Sympathy soon develops for Pip because he has this intimidating man bearing down upon him, threatening to eat him. The sympathy soon turns into empathy because Pip describes himself as â€Å"undersized† and â€Å"not strong†. These two adjectives make Pip appear even more at risk than before. Although Pip may be scared he is still able to negotiate with Magwitch. This may show great maturity on Pip’s behalf because he is not so frightened that he is unable to think straight. This developed attitude is displayed when Magwitch is threatening Pip. Pip specifically says â€Å"If you would let me sit straight†¦perhaps I could attend more†. This shows great braveness because Pip has negotiated with Magwitch instead of showing fear. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Even though Magwitch is hostile towards Pip, Pip is still as respectful as he would be towards other adults. He continues to call him â€Å"Sir† all the time that Magwitch is bullying him. This shows that even though Pip shows maturity he may still be scared. This shows that he is still childlike. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;His childish attitude is again displayed when he is threatened with the young man. This shows childishness because it seemsShow MoreRelated Attitudes toward Victorian Society in Great Expectations by Charles Dickens1156 Words   |  5 PagesGreat Expectations Explore some of the ways in which Dickens’ attitudes to Victorian society are presented in the opening chapter of Great Expectations. For this essay I will be focusing on the opening chapters of Great Expectations, a novel written by Charles Dickens. I am going to consider the Victorian society at the time and dickens’ use of language to express themes, settings and characters. Charles Dickens wrote this story in the Victorian times. 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Like all good textbooks, the book is accessible, well researched and readers are encouraged to view chapters as a starting point for getting to grips with the field of organization theory. Dr Martin Brigham, Lancaster University, UK McAuley et al. provide a highly r eadableRead MoreCrossing the Chasm76808 Words   |  308 Pagesto any number of high-tech enterprises. Seeing the problem externalized in print has a sort of redemptive effect on people who have fallen prey to it in the past—it wasn’t all my fault! Moreover, like a good book on golf, its prescriptions give great hope that just by making this or that minor adjustment perfect results are bound to follow— this time we’ll make it work! And so any number of people cheerfully have told me that the book has become the Bible in their company. So much for the spiritual

The Taj Mahal A Tale Of A Romantic Love Story Behind It...

Taj Mahal The Taj Mahal is known largely as one of the most famous and beloved structures in India with a tale of a romantic love story behind it. The magnificent structure is located in Agra, India along the bank of the Yamuna River. Emperor Shah Jahan commissioned the Taj Mahal in 1632 for his beloved late wife Mumtaz Mahal meaning â€Å" Beloved Ornament of the palace† (TajMahal). Mumtaz also known as Arjumand Banu Begum Was born in April 1593 to Abdul Hasan Asaf Khan, her father who was a Persian noble (TajMahal). She was betrothed the Prince Khurram in 1607 and was married five years later in 1612 at the age of 19, becoming his third wife. Khurram became Emperor after a combination of military conquests and adroit politicking in 1628; he was the fifth Emperor of the Mughal Dynasty (Pg. 7, J. Harasta). Following their wedding he gave her the title â€Å"Mumtaz Mahal† which means, â€Å"Chosen one of the palace† in Persian (Pg.7, J. Harasta). Emperor Shah had 5 other wives besides Mumtaz, but she was the one he was closest to. The couple had 14 children together; some had died at birth or only lived to be two years old and then some becoming the future rulers over the Empire in events of overthrowing their father. The two had a close and loving relationship so much so that she would travel with him on any expeditions or military Campaign that was required of him and was free to partake in her favorite hobbies; she had a love for architecture and her favorite place was the Riverside

Vocal awareness Free Essays

Language and vocal awareness Language Is a key element to be explored In drama. An Important characteristic of dramatic language Is the way it indicates the mood of a scene. It does this, by Incorporating stage directions Into the dialogue. We will write a custom essay sample on Vocal awareness or any similar topic only for you Order Now We can often tell the mood of a character by the language that is used. For example the repetitions of the noun ‘Laurence’ suggest that Beverly was annoyed with the fact that Laurence wasn’t doing what she asked him to do. The way in which a play is written can inform us of the time period, the setting and it also helps to give each individual character an identity. Dramatic language is also able to indicate how actors should be grouped together upon the stage, for example the character of Beverly as a host of the dinner party she has to be up and serving drinks to make sure her guests are comfortable and satisfied. Altogether language helps the actors/actress to convey a naturalistic performance. The technique I found particularly useful when exploring my character has been language. This technique really developed my characterization as well as improved my knowledge and understanding of my character Beverly as she uses a range variety of punctuation. An example of this Is with the rhetorical question ‘dya know what I mean’ this may suggest that Beverly Is the sort of person that Ilkes to be understood. Secondly, Beverly also uses a lot of question marks: ‘Dya get something to eat? ‘Dya get those larger? as the play was written in 1977 and the traditional role of women’s changed in the 1 920’s can suggest that Beverly abuses the freedom of not having to follow the traditional role of a women (cook and clean and providing) although she doesn’t work but she still doesn’t cook (that’s why Laurence eats a lot of fast-food). We used an exercise in class where we walked around the room reading our monologues aloud and when we got to a punctuation marking such as a full stop or question mark we had to turn 90 degrees and then carry on. This told us where all the breaks where In the monologue and by doing this helped us get a better understanding of where the tension was In the piece. For example my character was Beverly; she’s a very demanding character so the first scene starts off with lots of explanation marks: ‘Laurence! ‘ ‘No! this tells me that my character is quite angry and he tension would be high in this part of the monologue. As we continuously repeated this exercise which included the turning around and round (bearing in mind Beverly is the host of the party so she has to do a lot of talking, this was a disadvantage for me) which made me feel dizzy and as if the room was spinning around. This was relevant to my role because the whole dizzy effect can be used to portray a naturalistic performance as In the play Beverly drinks a lot so the dizziness can be a result of the alcohol. This can change her use in language as she is drunk. Vocal Awareness using my monologue piece I had to vocalise the vowels the consonants and the consonant only. My character was Beverly, I had to read act 1 scene 1 on all of Beverlys line reading only the consonant without pronouncing the vowels. This exercise seemed a bit weird at first as but I then realised that the character of demanding as she’s always asking him to do things and she’s always nagging constantly, she doesn’t keep to the rural traditional wife law of having children, cooking and cleaning and expect Laurence to always eat takeaway and ‘pizza’. This technique really helped me to learn more about my character also using this technique helped me noticed that my character uses a lot of â€Å"Irnc† which kind of sounds like the word ‘drink this is significant as in the play Beverly continuously offers her guests drink Sue in particular as she declined most time but was forced by Beverly to have some more this also links with Beverleys super objective which is to keep her guest occupied and comfortable by offering them drinks as her way of being a good host as she’s always trying to make a good impression. How to cite Vocal awareness, Papers

The Arms Industry and International Security

Around the world, and across all societies, modern armed conflicts include the use of modern weaponry especially the small arms. The small arms are a class of small firearms that are cheap and available to most participants of armed conflict.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Arms Industry and International Security specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The pricing of fire arms particularly from Asian manufacturers makes them available to all people at war. In addition, the presence of unscrupulous arms dealers in who sell firearms in unconventional ways has led to acquisition of guns by groups that have little control over the use of the arms (Cukier et al 22). Arms manufacturers and dealers may promote security of nations by selling firearms to countries with stable governments. The arms ensure stability of the government and prevent minority revolts from perpetrating chaos and anarchy in an otherwise peaceful env ironment. However, a dilemma emerges where the governments of peaceful regions do not record any significant use of the firearms. In this case, the firearms in possession of the government do not wear out or get lost in any military confrontation. The governments then cease to be viable customers of the arms industry (Deng and Zartman 31). Under enormous pressure to flourish, the arms manufacturers and traders turn to conflict zones for promising arms market. It is, however, arguable whether the arms trade fuels the ferocity of a conflict which has already started. The world has known conflict in the whole history of mankind. Wars and barbarian character of the people involved in armed conflicts existed even before the invention of firearms. In this regard, there is a possibility that the modern firearms trade has increased the mortality rate or the economic deterioration that come about with every major armed conflict (Diamond 43). In addition, the modern arms can be considered sim ilar to the firearms of the past in that they cause the same effect in the wars they are used in. The modern firearms are obviously more deadly that the weapons that were used in past warfare and their use inevitably leads to more grave consequences. However, the desire of human beings to wage wars and propagate armed conflicts has been present in the society throughout history, and has only subsided in the modern times due to adoption of new age ideologies of coexistence and the value of peace and human life (Spitzer 30).Advertising Looking for essay on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Apart from repercussions of armed territorial conflict, another problem directly linked to the arms industry is the internal insecurity. The availability of small arms to petty criminals and organized criminal gangs has ensured their survival and ability to endure the adversity of the security forces. The bigger percentage of the local crime in most countries involving fatal assaults includes the use of a firearm from a prominent gun manufacturer (UNIDIR 16). Moreover, the larger percentage of the guns present in the civilian population is channeled to the user through irresponsible arms dealers. Arms dealers and the arms manufacturing industry, thus, play a critical role in propagation of violence and the variety of problems that afflict the world security (Stohl and Grillot 25). The governments’ failure to control the activities of arms dealers continues to fuel conflicts and propagate brutal dictatorial rule in developing countries particularly in Africa. Relatively new arms manufacturers especially in South Africa and Egypt sell arms to undocumented users within the continent affected by a myriad of armed conflicts the arms trade is a necessary component for survival of legal governments, but the designated end user of all guns sold determines the ability of rogue individuals and groups to per petrate unnecessary violence. The moral and political aspect of arms industry can be analyzed from several perspectives. The arms business is a lucrative venture for some of the developed countries in the west. These countries sell arms to the less developed countries with a unstable political environment without considering the serious security problems that these weapons pose. On the contrary, the developed countries concentrate on proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, which could pose a danger to their own security. Currently, the weapons of mass destruction pose less significant danger to civilian life since their application and effects are not of any important political significance. The results of application of such weapons are likely to be massive destruction with no political gain. People with greed for power use small arms to facilitate their ends. In accumulation of firearms in a country with questionable, political integrity is likely to cause a grave humanitari an crises in case of the collapse of the prevailing government. Moreover, arms industries are located in developed countries in the west and the Far East and have a capability of controlling the arms trade. A paradox emerges where these countries export weaponry including military aircraft and naval war equipment to war torn regions while the domestic applications of these weapons are nil.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Arms Industry and International Security specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The control of the trade in conventional arms is difficult to establish since the weaponry is usually accepted standard weaponry that is necessary for national security unlike the weapons of mass destruction that can only be used for destruction. The purchase of arms to ensure national security is given priority over the more important domestic security for the civilian population. Increased arms trade has always resul ted into grossly adverse humanitarian conditions (Maze et al. 7). Recently, the arms manufacturing and trade have been shifted from the control of the authorities to private entrepreneurs. The capitalist policies the entrepreneurs thrive on compel them to sell their weaponry to any willing buyer of the product. The arms dealer does not make a consideration of the effects of the weapons in the societies where the weapons are going to be used. To worsen the security situation, some governments have offered credit facilities to arms dealers to expand their trade. In addition, the government controlled the trade, such that the end user of the weapons was determined under the influence of the authorities. In this essence, the government of the purchasing nations and the selling nations was promoting arms proliferation for use in armed conflicts. The armed conflicts obviously degenerated to poor security and grave humanitarian crises. Since arms trade is an important aspect of security si tuations in many countries, the government is usually a major player in the manufacturing and sale of weapons. In Africa, which is the continent that is affected by most of the arms trade, there are few manufacturers of arms who are concentrated in South Africa. Small arms industries in Africa differ with similar setups in the rest of the world. To avoid the risk of small arms getting into the hands of illegal groups and criminals, and people with malicious intent, the governments of the concerned countries closely monitor the arms industry in African countries. The chances that a weapon manufactured in Africa got into the hands of criminals are very slim. Most illegal guns in Africa have been manufactures in other continents, and are channeled to the market through illegal trade. Some of local gunsmiths in areas affected by armed conflicts produce guns without any license. The illegal manufacturers are capable of producing guns of an industrial standard. Armed militia and criminals acquire the guns through illegal trade with the manufacturers. Smuggling of firearms across borders by illegal traders is also common in many parts of Africa (Dizard and Andrews 27).Advertising Looking for essay on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The end of the major world conflicts such as the World War and the Cold War marked the beginning of smaller kind of conflicts that relied on small arms. It is during this period that the developed nations have exported large numbers of weapons to the poorer states without minding the conflict that these weapons fuel. Wars provide a period of intense manufacturing by gun industries but do not necessarily mean more profit for the gun manufacturers. However, most of conflicts around the world have been preceded by accumulation of armaments, which obviously come from the arms manufacturers. Governments constantly support the arms industry in order to develop more sophisticated weaponry, and this indirectly fuels conflicts around the world (Malcom 28). In addition, developed countries have offered arms deals to less equipped countries in orders to obtain political favors such the consent to put up military bases in the said countries. The arms provided to the countries cannot be effectiv ely monitored to ensure that they are not used in any unconventional manner that causes unnecessary breach of security. The sale of arms has gradually shifted to the developing nations due to increasing conflict in those countries. Combined social, economic, and political pressure in these countries has often led to armed conflicts. Moreover, the presence of a large number of weapons and ammunition has also fuelled armed conflicts for a protracted period. Proliferation of arms by the third world countries was encouraged by the Cold War largely. The communist countries supplied a great deal of arms to their spheres of influence while the western capitalist countries supplied weapons to the third world countries that embraced the capitalist ideology. This competition fuelled wars especially in Vietnam, Angola and Korea (â€Å"Small arms survey 2006† 14). The shipment of weapons to the countries was because of the intent of the leaders of the western block and the eastern block to influence the outcome of the war without committing any military personnel to the conflict. In the late twentieth century, the world superpowers manufactured and sold weapons to the countries of the Far East and Asia in a bid to gain control of the oil producing nations of the continent. The two leading antagonists in the Cold War armed the fighting factions in the Arab world in order to gain control the oil producing regions of the continent. A sudden end of the Cold War had also other adverse effects concerning the arms trade. Stockpiles of weapons that the Soviet Union had accumulated in anticipation of a major confrontation with the United States were now useless (Forsberg 20). The Russians sold the arms to any buyer at any price to recover the money spent on arms during the cold war. The influx of weapons into these countries resulted into periods of high insecurity as opposing factions in the recipient states fought one another in a bid to control mainly the oil reserves in their territories. In the twenty first century, the purchase of weapons by the third world powers declined as the ideological influence that had been fuelling conflict subsided (Kafi 17). One can make an analysis of the history of firearm trade and manufacturing and conclude that several factor contributed to the proliferation of weapons in areas of conflict. Most of the reasons for proliferation of the firearms have been economic ends. A symbiotic relationship exists between the manufacturing and sale of weapons, and the state of insecurity and war. Where the weapons have been used in full-blown warfare, the manufacturing and sale of weapons seem to play a minor role in propagation of the war. In other words, the war seems to draw the arms dealers into lucrative a trade that the arms dealers cannot ignore (Malcom 18). One can make a conclusion that the manufacture of weapons does not necessarily mean occurrence of an armed conflict in the areas in which these weapons are used. It has been seen that most of the purchases of the weapons by states with stable governments are intended for maintenance of peace and guarding of the sovereignty of the country. However, the accumulation of weapons leads to a protracted military confrontation in case of a future crisis. Desire by some countries to gain economic advantage pushed them to selling weapons to states that had questionable political integrity without investigating or ensuring that the weapons were to be used for an appropriate cause (Malcom 2002). Another observation is most of the weapon’s manufacture that occurred in the twentieth century was initiated and financed by the antagonistic world powers fighting for superiority of their economic, social and political ideologies. The phenomenon is manifested in the conflicts that occurred in the third world countries in the height of the cold war. The supply of the weapons used in conflicts was not a result of the demand by the conflict, but the protracted conflicts were a result of the supply of free arms supplied by the influential western and eastern superpowers (Brennan 9). Another observation indicates that the manufacture and sale of weapons influence the state of domestic security. Manufacture and sale of more weapons result in heightened domestic insecurity. This is because the proliferation of weapons by civilians leads to higher tendency to commit crime (World Council of Churches 2001). Furthermore, acquisition of the firearms by civilians occurs because of thee irresponsibility of the manufacturing companies when handling sales of the weapons. Privatization of the arms industry has increased competition for market making competitor weapons manufacturers result in rogue means of gaining advantage in the market (Hughes and Lai 10). Due to the sophisticated nature of criminal and villain activity, it is not possible to cease manufacture and sale of firearms or weapons. Accumulation of a reasonable amount of weapons keeps the world powers in balance and, thus, a minimum amount of weaponry has to be maintained for the sake of sovereignty. In this regard, if measures are taken to ensure that the weapons manufacturers sell their weapons through proper secure channels, the case of insecurity due to the activities of the arms industry can be contained (Gerdes 15). Although the arms industry is primarily a business venture, it comes with a responsibility to control the identity of the end user of their products, as they are lethal commodities. In addition, the government should control the industry to rein capitalistic tendencies from overtaking the responsibility of the arms industry to be mindful of the nature of the market for their weapons. The arms industry cannot be categorized as normal business enterprise subject to the market forces alone, since their goods need a high degree of accountability (Laurance 24). It is disputable that firearms are a product in high demand. However, this demand has to be sa tisfied partially for the sake of peace and security. If the weapons manufacturers seek to satisfy every person’s needs, then, anarchy, violence and general insecurity is likely to prevail in the world. In conclusion, arms, in whatever form, generally contribute to insecurity in the world. If arms were not presented at all in the society, then violence would be much less scale and peace would prevail (Madariaga 32). The other conclusion is that arms are not a normal commodity subject to normal mechanisms of the market and, thus, their sale must be governed by special rules. Works Cited Brennan, Sean. Treaty. Annandale. N.S.W.: Federation Press, 2005. Print. Cukier, Wendy, and Victor W. Sidel. The global gun epidemic: from Saturday night specials to AK-47s. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Security International, 2006. Print. Deng, Francis Mading, and I. William Zartman. Conflict resolution in Africa. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1991. Print. Diamond, Jared M.. Guns, germs , and steel: the fates of human societies. NY: W.W. Norton Co., 1999. Print. Dizard, Jan E., Robert M. Muth, and Stephen P. Andrews. Guns in America: a reader. NY: New York University Press, 1999. Print. Forsberg, Randall. The arms production dilemma. Cambridge (Mass.): the MIT press, 1994. Print. Gerdes, Louise I. Gun violence: opposing viewpoints. Framington Hills, Mich.: Greenhaven Press, 2011. Print. Hughes, Christopher W., and Yew Meng Lai. Security studies: a reader. London: Routledge, 2011. Print. Kafi, Sharif A. Illegal small arms and human insecurity in Bangladesh. 2nd ed. Dhaka: Bangladesh Development Partnership Centre, 2005. Print. Laurance, Edward J.. The international arms trade. New York: Lexington Books, 1992. Print. Madariaga, Salvador de. Disarmament. NY: Coward-McCann, inc., 1929. Print. Malcolm, Joyce Lee. Guns and violence: the English experience. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2002. Print. Maze, Kerry, and Sarah Parker. International assistance fo r implementing the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects: findings of a global survey. New York: United Nations, 2006. Print. World Council of Churches. ‘Report of the United Nations Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects’, 2001, p. 3879. Small Arms Survey. Small Arms Survey 2006: Unfinished business. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. Print. Spitzer, Robert J. The politics of gun control. 2nd ed. NY: Chatham House Publishers, 1998. Print. Stohl, Rachel J., and Suzette Grillot. The international arms trade. Cambridge: Polity, 2009. Print. UNIDIR, UN. European action on small arms and light weapons and explosive remnants of war: final report. Geneva: UN, UNIDIR, 2006. Print. This essay on The Arms Industry and International Security was written and submitted by user Shaniya O. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.